A highly sensitive colorimetric sensor based on pyrazine carboxamide for phenylalanine detection in blood plasma

چکیده مقاله

The pyrazine-2-carboxamide (PzCA) functions as a highly sensitive and selective sensor for the detection of phenylalanine in complex biological matrices. PzCA was characterized through IR, ¹HNMR, and ¹³CNMR spectroscopy. The sensor properties of PzCA for phenylalanine detection were evaluated, with a detection limit (LOD) of 14.40 × 10⁻⁶ M and a limit of quantification (LOQ) determined to be 43.70 × 10⁻⁶ M. Thorough studies were performed to assess the behavior of the ligand under varying pH conditions, solvent polarities, and exposure times. Importantly, no significant changes were observed in the absorption spectra when interacting with different anions or cations, demonstrating that the response of sensor to phenylalanine remains unaffected by other species. The results obtained from real sample testing further substantiate the PzCA as a highly selective sensor, demonstrating its effectiveness for practical applications. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.