Optimized removal of Bromocresol green dye from aqueous solutions using Cu(TPA)•(DMF) nanoparticles adsorbent: a D-optimal design approach

چکیده مقاله

This study examined the adsorption-based removal of Bromocresol Green (BCG), a wastewater dye pollutant, using Cu(TPA)•(DMF) nanoparticles. A D-optimal design was used to optimize conditions, including pH (3–11), BCG concentration (2–50 mg/L), adsorbent dose (50–200 mg/100 mL), contact time (30–150 min), and temperature (15–80 °C). SEM, BET, FTIR, and EDX analyses confirmed the nanoscale structure of the nanoparticles and their effective BCG-adsorption. A maximum removal efficiency of up to 90.2 % was achieved at pH 3 with an initial BCG concentration of 20 mg/L, 120 min contact time, and an adsorbent dosage of 2 g/100 mL at 40 °C as optimal reaction conditions. ANOVA validated the model with a determination coefficient of R² = 0.99, indicating the high efficiency of the NPs for the removal of BCG dye from aqueous solution, with pH identified as the most influential parameter. A removal efficiency of 85.9 % predicted based on numerical optimization was validated using synthetic (87.33 %) and wastewater (84 %) samples. The adsorption capacity of the nanoparticles varied from 6.12 to 860.5 mg/g, which is comparable to that of other adsorbents. Overall, the results indicate the effectiveness of Cu(TPA)•(DMF) NPs with high adsorption performance at near-ambient conditions, which shows their promising potential for the treatment of dye-contaminated effluents. © 2025